Why do anarchists emphasise liberty? (in traditional Chinese)
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[edit] 壹之二之二 為何無政府主義強調自由？
照巴枯寧的說法，無政府主義者可說是”自由的狂熱愛好者，認為只有自由才能建立增進人類的智慧，尊嚴與快樂。”〔巴枯寧文選（Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings），p. 196〕因為人類是思考的生物，不讓他們自由，就是不給他們機會為自己思考，如此則否定了他們作為一個人的真正存在。對無政府主義者而言，自由乃人性的產物，因為：
- ”人類擁有自我意識－希望與他人不同－這個真實，產生了自由行動的慾望。對自由與自我表達的渴望，是其最基本與主要的特色。”〔Emma Goldman，”紅色艾瑪說”，p. 493〕
因為如此，無政府主義”想要從權威所加諸的各種限制與侵犯中，解放個人的自尊與獨立。只有在自由的環境裡，人類才能充分地發展，學習思考與行動，呈現最美好的自我；只有在自由的環境裡，他才能體會將人們結合成社會的真正力量，找到正常社會生活的真實基礎。”〔Op. Cit., pp. 72-3〕
所以對無政府主義者而言，自由是個人以其道求其所好的基本要素。當個人能為自己的生活做決定時，才能喚起他的行動力與權力。自由能確保個體的發展與多樣，因為當個人自治與自我決定時，他們必須運用心智，從而開展與刺激了每個參與的人。As Malatesta put it, "[f]or people to become educated to freedom and the management of their own interests, they must be left to act for themselves, to feel responsibility for their own actions in the good or bad that comes from them. They'd make mistakes, but they'd understand from the consequences where they'd gone wrong and try out new ways." [Fra Contadini, p. 26]
自由是開展個人潛能的前提，也是需藉社群（community）才能達成的社會成果。有健康自由的社群，才能產生自由的個人；而個人則會反過頭來，形塑社群的樣貌，豐富成員的社會關係。在社會中產生的自由，”不是因紙上畫畫的法律條文而成立，而是當他成為人們的生活習慣，當任何試圖侵犯他的企圖，都會受到大眾激烈的反抗，他才會成立....人必先自重而後人重之，不只在個人領域是如此，在政治領域也是一樣的道理。”〔Rudolf Rocker，”無政府工團主義（anarcho-syndicalism）”，p. 46〕
It is for this reason anarchists support the tactic of "Direct Action" (see section J.2) for, as Emma Goldman argued, we have "as much liberty as [we are] willing to take. Anarchism therefore stands for direct action, the open defiance of, and resistance to, all laws and restrictions, economic, social, and moral." It requires "integrity, self-reliance, and courage. In short, it calls for free, independent spirits" and "only presistent resistance" can "finally set [us] free. Direct action against the authority in the shop, direct action against the authority of the law, direct action against the invasive, meddlesome authority of our moral code, is the logical, consistent method of Anarchism." [Red Emma Speaks, pp. 76-7]
Direct action is, in other words, the application of liberty, used to resist oppression in the here and now as well as the means of creating a free society. It creates the necessary individual mentality and social conditions in which liberty flourishes. Both are essential as liberty develops only within society, not in opposition to it. Thus Murray Bookchin writes:
- ”自由，獨立，自主的人們，在大時代裡擁有悠久的社會傳統和....領悟到必須集體發展的道理。這不是說個人不重要，而是說如果要得到自由，就必須勉力以求眾人之福。”〔社群無政府主義或生活無政府主義（Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism），p. 15〕
但自由得在適合的社會環境中，才能成長開展。如此的社會環境，必須是去中心化的（be decentralised），而且由做事的人直接管理。中心化（centralisation）意指強迫的權威（階級壓迫），而自我管理（self-management）則是自由的本質。自我管理讓參與者願意使出全力，同時發展其技能－勞心者特別是如此；相反地，階級壓迫試圖以少數人之力，取代眾人的力量。所以，階級制度不但沒將他們的能力發揮到極限，反而降低了大部分人的力量，以致於其發展受阻。（亦見貳之一）
因為如此，無政府主義反對資本主義和國家統治主義。就像法國無政府主義者 Sebastien Faure 提到的，威權”以兩種主要的形式裝扮自己：政治形式－國家；以及經濟形式－私有財產制。”〔彼得。馬歇爾於”要求不可能的事”中引用，p. 43〕就像國家一樣，資本主義乃建基於中央威權（即在工人上面的老闆），其真正的目的，是讓做事的人交出其工作的管理權。這意味著”只有在一種情況下，工人才能得到真正最後完全的自由：原料和生產工具，還有土地等資本，應為工人整體來分配。”〔Rudolf Rocker 引用巴枯寧的話，”無政府工團主義”，p. 45〕
所以就像喬姆斯基認為的，一個”真正的無政府主義者，一定反對生產方式為私人所擁有，反對奴役人類的薪資制度。因為工人必須為人控制，或由其選擇承擔責任，這兩種原則是不能相容的。”〔”無政府主義筆記（Notes on Anarchism）”，”以國之名（For Reasons of State）”，p. 158〕
Thus, liberty for anarchists means a non-authoritarian society in which individuals and groups practice self-management, i.e. they govern themselves. The implications of this are important. First, it implies that an anarchist society will be non-coercive, that is, one in which violence or the threat of violence will not be used to "convince" individuals to do anything. Second, it implies that anarchists are firm supporters of individual sovereignty, and that, because of this support, they also oppose institutions based on coercive authority, i.e. hierarchy. And finally, it implies that anarchists' opposition to "government" means only that they oppose centralised, hierarchical, bureaucratic organisations or government. They do not oppose self-government through confederations of decentralised, grassroots organisations, so long as these are based on direct democracy rather than the delegation of power to "representatives" (see section A.2.9 for more on anarchist organisation). For authority is the opposite of liberty, and hence any form of organisation based on the delegation of power is a threat to the liberty and dignity of the people subjected to that power.
Anarchists consider freedom to be the only social environment within which human dignity and diversity can flower. Under capitalism and statism, however, there is no freedom for the majority, as private property and hierarchy ensure that the inclination and judgement of most individuals will be subordinated to the will of a master, severely restricting their liberty and making impossible the "full development of all the material, intellectual and moral capacities that are latent in every one of us." [Michael Bakunin, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 261]
(See section B for further discussion of the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of capitalism and statism).
