Where does anarchism come from? (in traditional Chinese)
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[edit] 壹之一之五 無政府主義是怎麼來的?
無政府主義是怎麼來的?再沒比引用俄國革命時 Makhnovist 運動參與者所寫的”自由共產主義組織綱領(The Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists)”更能說明的了(見壹之五之四)。其中指出:
- ”奴役工人造成階級鬥爭,在壓迫中對自由的渴望催生了無政府主義。無政府主義乃全盤否定基於階級與國家之社會體系的理念,而代之以工人自我管理的自由無國社會。
- 所以無政府主義並非由知識份子或哲學家的抽象思考得來,而是來自工人與資本主義的直接抗爭,來自工人的需求與需要,來自對自由平等的渴望,在人生的光輝時期與工人大眾的抗爭場面中,渴望變得格外地生動。”
- 傑出的無政府思想家,如巴枯寧,克魯泡特金等人,都沒有發明無政府主義,他們只是藉其思想知識的力量,將在大眾身上發現的這個想法,予以指出及推廣。”〔pp. 15-16〕
就像一般的無政府運動,Makhnovist 是個工人階級抵抗威權的群眾運動,1917年到1921年,在烏克蘭(Ukraine)不管是舉紅旗(共產黨)或舉白旗(沙皇黨徒(Tsarist)/資本家)的都參與其間。就像彼得。馬歇爾(Peter Marshall)注意到的:”無政府主義....傳統上在工人與小農之間找到其主要支持者。”〔要求不可能的事(Demanding the Impossible),p. 652〕
無政府主義在為自由而反壓迫的鬥爭中誕生,也藉由鬥爭成長。例如對克魯泡特金而言,”無政府主義....源於每日的鬥爭”,”無政府運動每自實踐中得到想法即行更新,他從生活本身的教訓中導出其本源”(亦見拾之五)。〔進化與環境,p. 58 和 p. 57〕對普魯東而言,其互助想法的”證明”,在於”那些在巴黎與 Lyon....自發形成的....工人團體....〔展現了〕互信組織與工人組織實為同一”的”當前實踐,革命性實踐。”〔無神無主(No Gods, No Masters),第一卷,pp. 59-60〕確實,就像一個歷史學家發現的,”普魯東的結盟理想....和 Lyon 互助組織的計劃非常地相似”,”(這些理想之間)有顯著的趨同現象,就好像普魯東可以因 Lyon 絲工的例子,更有條理地表述其正面計劃。他所支持的社會主義理想,在一定範圍內已為上述工人所理解。”〔K. Steven Vincent,普魯東與法國共和社會主義的興起(Piere-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism),p. 164〕
無政府主義來自於爭取自由的戰鬥,以及我們對能有時間去生活,去愛,去遊玩的全人生活的慾望。無政府主義不是那些少數遠離生活,住在象牙塔裡俯視社會,依其觀念道長論短的人創建的,他毋寧是勞動階級鬥爭和反抗威權壓迫與剝削的產物。就像Albert Meltzer 指出的:
- ”There were never theoreticians of Anarchism as such, though it produced a number of theoreticians who discussed aspects of its philosophy. Anarchism has remained a creed that has been worked out in action rather than as the putting into practice of an intellectal ideas. 常有些中產作家獨自走來,把工人和小農實踐所得的結果寫下,然後就被中產歷史學家(bourgeois historians)當他們是運動的領導者,最後成功的中產作家(引用中產史家的話)就把這件事當作是工人階級需要布爾喬亞領導的又一例證。”〔無政府主義:所爭與所反(Anarchism: Arguments for and against),pp. 18〕
在克魯泡特金的眼裡,所有無政府寫手的作為,無非是分析一般的社會發展趨勢,以及將從勞動階級人民的鬥爭經驗中,推演出來的”教訓,尋其理論及科學基礎,找出〔無政府主義的〕原則的一般表達方式”而已。〔Op. Cit.,p. 57〕
不過,早在普魯東於 1840 年宣稱自己為無政府主義者並行之於文以前,無政府潮流和組織就已經存在很久了。作為特定政治理論的無政府主義,乃是誕生於資本主義興起之時(無政府主義”出現於十八世紀末....〔且〕接受拋棄資本與國家的雙重挑戰。”〔彼得。馬歇爾,Op. Cit,p. 4〕無政府主義者分析了自由潮流的歷史,例如克魯泡特金就說”任何時代都有無政府主義者和國家統治主義者(statist)。”〔Op. Cit.,p. 16〕在”互助(mutual Aid)”(和其他)著作中,克魯泡特金分析了當前社會的自由狀況,並舉出(在某程度上)實現成功的無政府組織或情勢,他標舉出這股由無政府思想的真實案例所合成的趨勢潮流,以訂正”官方”對於無政府運動誕生的說法。他論道:
- ”自從遠古石器時代以來,人〔和女人〕即已了解,讓當中的少數人掌握個人權威的危險....因此他們建立了原始家族,村莊社區,中世紀行會....最後建立了自由中世紀城市。 這些機構使他們的生活財產,能免於征服者和努力建立個人權威的自己人的侵犯。”〔克魯泡特金革命時論,p. 158-9〕
Kropotkin placed the struggle of working class people (from which modern anarchism sprung) on par with these older forms of popular organisation. He argued that "the labour combinations. . . were an outcome of the same popular resistance to the growing power of the few -- the capitalists in this case" as were the clan, the village community and so on, as were "the strikingly independent, freely federated activity of the 'Sections' of Paris and all great cities and many small 'Communes' during the French Revolution" in 1793. [Op. Cit., p. 159]
Thus, while anarchism as a political theory is an expression of working class struggle and self-activity against capitalism and the modern state, the ideas of anarchism have continually expressed themselves in action throughout human existence. Many indigenous peoples in North America and elsewhere, for example, practised anarchism for thousands of years before anarchism as a specific political theory existed. Similarly, anarchistic tendencies and organisations have existed in every major revolution -- the New England Town Meetings during the American Revolution, the Parisian 'Sections' during the French Revolution, the workers' councils and factory committees during the Russian Revolution to name just a few examples (see Murray Bookchin's The Third Revolution for details). This is to be expected if anarchism is, as we argue, a product of resistance to authority then any society with authorities will provoke resistance to them and generate anarchistic tendencies (and, of course, any societies without authorities cannot help but being anarchistic).
In other words, anarchism is an expression of the struggle against oppression and exploitation, a generalisation of working people's experiences and analyses of what is wrong with the current system and an expression of our hopes and dreams for a better future. This struggle existed before it was called anarchism, but the historic anarchist movement (i.e. groups of people calling their ideas anarchism and aiming for an anarchist society) is essentially a product of working class struggle against capitalism and the state, against oppression and exploitation, and for a free society of free and equal individuals.
