Adin Ballou
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Adin Ballou (1803-1890) was founder of the Hopedale Community in what is now Hopedale, Massachusetts, and a prominent 19th century exponent of pacifism, socialism and abolitionism. Through his long career as a Unitarian minister, he tirelessly sought social reform through his radical Christian and socialist views.
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[edit] Background and Family
Ballou was born on a farm in Cumberland, Rhode Island to Ariel and Edilda Ballou. He was raised a Six-Principle Baptist until 1813 when his family was converted in a Christian Connexion revival.
Ballou married Abigail Sayles in early 1822. Soon after giving birth to daughter Abbie in 1829, she passed away. Later that year, Adin himself suffered a life-threatening illness. He was nursed back to health by Lucy Hunt, whom he married a few months later. Hosea Ballou 2d performed the ceremony.
Of four children born to Adin, only Abbie Ballou reached adulthood.
Adin Ballou died in Hopedale in 1890 followed by Lucy Ballou in 1891.
[edit] Religious & Social Issues
Ballou traveled around the New England area lecturing and debating on Practical Christianity, Christian Nonresistance, abolition, temperance, and other social issues.
[edit] Practical Christianity
Ballou believed that Practical Christians were called to make their convictions a reality; they should begin to fashion a new civilization.
[edit] Christian Nonresistance
Ballou converted to Christian Nonresistance in 1838. Standard of Practical Christianity was composed in 1839 by Ballou and a few ministerial colleagues and laymen. The signatories announced their withdrawal from "the governments of the world." They believed the dependence on force to maintain order was unjust, and vowed to not participate in such government. While they did not acknowledge the earthly rule of man, they also did not rebel or "resist any of their ordinances by physical force." "We cannot employ carnal weapons nor any physical violence whatsoever," they proclaimed, "not even for the preservation of our lives. We cannot render evil for evil ... nor do otherwise than 'love our enemies.'"
Starting in 1843 he served as president of the New England Non-resistance Society. He worked with his friend William Lloyd Garrison until they broke over Garrison's support for violence in fighting slavery. In 1846 Ballou published his principal work on pacifism, Christian Non-Resistance.
[edit] Abolitionism
In 1837, Ballou publicly announced he was an abolitionist. He made anti-slavery lecture tours in Pennsylvania in 1846 and in New York in 1848.
[edit] Temperance
Through the temperance movement, Ballou found "three great practical data in ethics":
Ballou, Autobiography, 223 (abridged).
- That righteousness must be taught definitely, specifically, and practically to produce any marked results.
- That adherents of a cause must be unequivocally pledged to the practice of definitely declared duties.
- That such pledged adherents must voluntarily associate under explicit affirmations of a settled purpose to cooperate in exemplifying and diffusing abroad the virtues and excellences to which they are committed, and not act at random in disorganized and aimless individualism.
[edit] Socialism
In 1854, Adin Ballou wrote Practical Christian Socialism as an apologetic for the Hopedale Community.
[edit] The Hopedale Community
By 1840, Ballou was convinced his Christian convictions would not allow him to live in the worldly governments any longer. In 1841, Adin and the Practical Christians purchased a farm west of Milford, Massachusetts and named it Hopedale. The community was settled in 1842.
The members were men and women drawn together by a common interest in the great principles of liberal and practical Christianity at a time when church doctrines were narrow. In addition to the vital principles of ultimate salvation for all, temperance, non-resistance, etc. each one brought some fad of his own—a belief in Spiritualism, or the vegetable diet. Some were non-shavers, and all, I think, were non-smokers. The fads, which were almost as dear to the hearts of their owners as the principles, were often discussed in public, and the free play of the various natures, grave and gay, matter of fact and mischievously humorous, made these meetings a "continuous performance" of vast entertainment. The argument was earnest on either side, and usually closed by each with the same emphatic utterance, "So it seems to me and I cannot see it otherwise!" Neither party convinced the other, but the war of words afforded a certain relief to strenuous natures who, as good-non-resistants could indulge in no other form of warfare. — from reminiscences of Sarah E. Bradbury
The practical end of the Hopedale Community came in 1856 when George Draper persuaded his brother, Ebenezer Draper, to join him in withdrawing their assets from the community. George claimed the community wasn't using sound business practices. The two brothers owned a majority of the community, and without their support the community collapsed. Hopedale's industrial operations were converted into a private company. December 15, 1873 the Trustees of the Community conveyed all right, title, interest and control over to Community Square.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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